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Arnold Toynbee - English
URL: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EDtoynbee.htm

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Toynbee investigated the science of economics where he attempted to develop a system that would improve the condition of the working class. Toynbee came to the conclusion that individuals had a duty to devote themselves to the service of humanity.

[ eng ]

Toynbee, Arnold. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 - English
URL: http://www.bartleby.com/65/to/ToynbeeA.html

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1852–83, English economic historian, philosopher, and reformer. After his graduation in 1878 he was a tutor at Balliol College, Oxford, and was active in reform work outside the university, particularly among the London poor. His influence on his students and contemporaries was great, although he lived to be only 31. Toynbee was interested in applying historical method to the study of economics. He objected to Marxism, believing that the best interests of labor and capital lay in cooperation.

[ eng ]

Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, an Encarta Encyclopedia Article - English
URL: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=0437A000

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Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975), British historian, known for his view of the past as a succession of civilizations rather than political entities.

[ eng ]

Encyclopedia.com - Toynbee, Arnold Joseph - English
URL: http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/13000.html

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1889-1975, English historian. In his major work, A Study of History (12 vol., 1934-61), he propounded the problems of history in terms of great cultural groups and civilizations rather than of nationalities. The main thesis of the work is that the well-being of a civilization depends on its ability to respond successfully to challenges, human and environmental. Of 26 civilizations in history, he saw only Western Latin Christendom as still alive.

[ eng ]

Арнольд Тойнби об истории - Russian
URL: http://www.krotov.org/libr_min/t/toynbee/Toynbee000.html

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ПОСТИЖЕНИЕ ИСТОРИИ. Москва: Прогресс, 1990.

[ rus ]

ТОЙНБИ Арнольд Джозеф: WWW.FUTURE-DESIGNING.RU - Russian
URL: http://www.future-designing.ru/index.cfm?id=115

shown in filters: Personalia

В 1919-1924 годах был профессором Лондонского университета, в 1925-1955 годах преподавал в Лондонской школе экономических наук. В 1925-1955 годах Арнольд Тойнби был одним из руководителей Королевского института международных отношений; составлял (совместно с В.М.Баултером) ежегодные обзоры политических событий в мире.

[ rus ]

Тойнби Арнольд (Arnold Toynbee) - Персоналии - Russian
URL: http://www.countries.ru/library/culturologists/toinbi.htm

shown in filters: Personalia

Тойнби Арнольд (1889— 1975), английский историк и культуролог. Создал теорию исторического круговорота культуры. Представлял всемирную историю как совокупность отдельных замкнутых и своеобразных цивилизаций, количество которых варьировалось от 14 до 21. Каждая цивилизация, подобно организму, проходит стадии зарождения, роста, кризиса (надлома, разложения).

[ rus ]

АРНОЛЬД ТОЙНБИ - Russian
URL: http://www.krotov.org/spravki/persons/20person/1889toyn.html

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Из "Библиологического словаря" священника Александра Меня.

[ rus ]

Arnold Toynbee - Un essai d'interprйtation - French
URL: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/3640/toynbee.htm

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Toynbee ne prйtend pas livrer ici une њuvre achevйe, mais un essai; il ne prйtend pas nous livrer des vйritйs objectives, mais une interprйtation. Texte et bibliographie.

[ fra ]

Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) : Library of Congress Citations - English
URL: http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/cit/citlctoyn.htm

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