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Animal House - English
URL: http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/reviews/991212.12conifft.html

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An article about the celebrated author and naturalist by Richard Conniff.

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Gerald Durrell: The Friend of All Animals - English
URL: http://www.triviana.com/books/durrbio.htm

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The hard-working, hard-drinking life of the great writer and naturalist is described in an authorized biography.

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In Memory of Gerald Durrell - English
URL: http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/6364/durrell.html

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Articles, pictures, books, essays, photographs,links, and other material about famous writer and zoologist.

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Gerald Durrell - English
URL: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Plains/2007/durrell.html

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Biography featuring his childhood in Corfu, early adulthood and beginnings as a writer, and later life as published author, animal collector, and zoologist.

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Publications by Jakob von Uexküll - English
URL: http://www.zbi.ee/~uexkull/publik.htm

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Bibliography.

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Trembley, Abraham (1710-1784) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Trembley.html

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"Studied the freshwater polyp (hydra). In 1741, he showed that it wasn't a plant (as van Leeuwenhoek had believed) since the tentacles could grab objects and bring them to a primitive stomach. He also observed hydra to move by a primitive foot if disturbed."

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Swammerdam, Jan (1637-1680) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Swammerdam.html

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Dutch naturalist who showed that the insect larva, pupa, and imago can exist simultaneously nested within one another. He collected 3,000 species of insects and made microanatomical studies. He also discovered the red blood cell.

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Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1729-1799) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Spallanzani.html

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Italian biologist who checked Needham's spontaneous generation experiment by using flasks with slender necks that could be melted shut. With proper boiling, he found that the broth so contained would remain sterile indefinitely. He also studied the function of semen and sperm, showing that the fertilization of frog eggs was external by fitting male frogs with tight pants and observing that no tadpoles developed.

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Schleiden, Matthias (1804-1881) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Schleiden.html

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German botanist and master microscopist who was influenced by Schelling's Naturphilosophie and the writings of Oken. He worked under Johannes Müller and studied primarily cells in plants. He observed that all plants seemed to be composed of cells, and is thus considered the co-founder of cell theory together with Schwann, with whom he consulted. Schleiden wanted to make cell formation analogous to crystal formation, and published his results in Beiträge zur Phytogenesis (Contributions of Phytogenesis, 1838).

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Roux, Wilhelm (1850-1924) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/RouxWilhelm.html

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Experimentally manipulated the environment of developing eggs and embryos to understand the processes occurring. In 1888, he killed one of the first two balstomeres of a frog's egg with a hot needle, then watched the development of the developing cells. He reported that only half an embryo emerged. This conclusion was shown to be erroneous, however, by Driesch.

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Prévost, Jean (1790-1850) - Russian
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/PrevostJean.html

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Like Dumas, Prévost performed experiments with frogs' eggs and showed that sperm were necessary for fertilization.

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Oken, Lorenz (1779-1851) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Oken.html

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German naturalist who was a leader in the Naturphilosophie movement. Oken's views were mystical, including speculations on nothing, something, motion, God, and the geometric form of the universe. His prolific speculations, however, foreshadowed cell theory, as in the idea that all tissues were composed of a "fundamental polyp," or "infusorian."

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Needham, John (1713-1781) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Needham.html

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English microscopist who performed experiments on spontaneous generation in mutton broth and hay infusions. To see if organisms came from outside or were generated in the fluid, he heated flasks of broth and corked them tightly. After a short time, he again found microorganisms. This result was, however, an indication that he had not boiled his solutions for long enough, rather than a proof of spontaneous generation. Spallanzani refuted Needham's results in more careful experiments.

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Nägeli, Karl von (1817-1891) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Naegeli.html

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Swiss botanist who studied under Oken. Nägeli held many mystical views, and opposed the notion of natural selection. He did more harm to biology than good, especially in his contemptuous dismissal of Mendel's work on pea plants.

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Lotka, Alfred (1880-1949) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Lotka.html

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American biophysicist who formulated the Lotka-Volterra equations of predator/prey interaction, and published Elements of Mathematical Biology (1924), the first book on mathematical biology.

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Huxley, Thomas (1825-1895) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Huxley.html

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English biologist who traveled as a ship's surgeon on a voyage to Australia between 1846 and 1850. After reading Charles Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, he became Darwin's most devoted advocate and popularizer.

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von Humboldt, Alexander von (1769-1859) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Humboldt.html

German naturalist who noted the apparent complimentary coastlines of South America and Africa and proposed, around 1800, that the two continents had once been joined. His suggestion, the earliest hint of plate tectonics, was not only ignored, but also ridiculed. This fate was subsequently also suffered by Fisher and Wegener.

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Flemming, Walther (1843-1905) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/FlemmingWalther.html

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German anatomist who used dyes to study the structure of cells. He found a structure which strongly absorbed dye, and named it chromatin. He observed that, during cell division, the chromatin separated into stringy objects, which became known as chromosomes. Flemming named the division of somatic cells mitosis, from a Greek work for thread.

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Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/DarwinErasmus.html

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English physician who, in 1794-1796, published Zoonomia, in which he anticipated some of Lamarck's evolutionary theories. He also published two treatises on the evolution of higher animals from lower organisms. Curiously enough, Erasmus Darwin was the grandfather of Charles Darwin, who would to shake the world with his own evolutionary theories in the nineteenth century.

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Cesalpino, Andrea (1519-1603) - English
URL: http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Cesalpino.html

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Classified plants in terms of the organs bearing fruit in De Plantis (On Plants) (1538).

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