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Columbus Page - English
URL: http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/

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Scholarly articles on Columbus and the encounter of two worlds.

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THE DEATH OF COLUMBUS - English
URL: http://www.mariner.org/age/columbusdeath.html

Queen Isabella was quite ill when Columbus returned. When she died on November 26, 1504, Columbus lost his friend and benefactor. Even though he was wealthy from his many explorations, he still felt he should be restored as governor of Hispaniola. Finally in the spring of 1505, Ferdinand called him to court.

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THE FOURTH VOYAGE - English
URL: http://www.mariner.org/age/fourthvoyage.html

Anxious to win back his good name and discover riches in the Far East, Columbus set sail once again for the new lands. He left Cadiz on May 9, 1502, with four ships and 150 crewmen, one being his 13-year-old son, Diego. He arrived in Hispaniola on June 29 only to be forbidden to land lest he stir up trouble in the colony. A powerful hurricane blew in shortly after Columbus' arrival and destroyed most of the Spanish ships heading back to Spain. Columbus' ships were spared.

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THE THIRD VOYAGE - English
URL: http://www.mariner.org/age/thirdvoyage.html

The monarchs financed yet another voyage for Columbus. On May 30, 1498, Columbus set sail with six ships. After a stop at the Canary Islands, three set sail for Hispaniola and three with Columbus at the lead, took a southern route. On July 31, still searching for China, the great explorer discovered the islands of Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, and Margarita.

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THE SECOND VOYAGE - English
URL: http://www.mariner.org/age/secondvoyage.html

With 17 ships, 1,200 men and boys including sailors, soldiers, colonists, priests, officials, gentlemen of the court, and horses, Columbus set out on another journey to the west. He left the port of C diz, Spain, on September 25, 1493 aboard the Mariagalante, his flagship. His purpose for this trip was to establish colonies in the name of Spain, to check on his crew left behind at the fort of Navidad, and to find great riches in what he believed to be part of the Far East.

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THE FIRST VOYAGE - English
URL: http://www.mariner.org/age/firstvoyage.html

Columbus departed Palos, Spain, with three ships on August 3, [1492]. The Nina, a lateen-rigged caravel, was captained by Martin Alonzo Pinzon. The Pinta, a square-rigged caravel was captained by Pinzon's brother, Vicente Yanez.

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The Mariners' Museum - Newport News, Virginia - English
URL: http://www.mariner.org/age/columbus.html

Perhaps the most famous explorer was Christopher Columbus. Born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451 to a weaver, young Columbus first went to sea at the age of fourteen. As a young man, he settled in Portugal and married a woman of noble background. After his wife's death in 1485, Columbus and his young son, Diego moved to Spain.

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Jack Weatherford, Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus - English
URL: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/Taino/docs/columbus.html

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Christopher Columbus' reputation has not survived the scrutiny of history, and today we know that he was no more the discoverer of America than Pocahontas was the discoverer of Great Britain. Native Americans had built great civilizations with many millions of people long before Columbus wandered lost into the Caribbean.

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Columbus's Medinah? - English
URL: http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/Shokel/911014_Columbus.html

October 14 is commemorated by our neighbours to the south as Columbus Day. Now this fact would not normally deserve mention in a Jewish newspaper. As we shall see in a moment, however, there has been some weighty scholarly debate over the possibility that Columbus, though undeniably a devout and zealous Catholic, might also have been the proud descendant of Spanish Jews. Ironically, this view has been championed by some patriotic Spaniards, who would rather have him a Spanish Jew than an Italian gentile.

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The Columbus Santa Maria Home Page - English
URL: http://www.santamaria.org/

Reproduction of Christopher Columbus' flagship.

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Columbus Monuments - English
URL: http://cartography.geog.uu.nl/columbus/

This website shows the monuments erected all over the world with a relation to Christopher Columbus, his companions and their early voyages to America.

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Christopher Columbus - English
URL: http://www.franciscan-archive.org/columbus/index.html

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One of the more maligned men of history, Christopher Columbus is perhaps the most famous, although unkown, member of the Third Order of Penance, founded by St. Francis of Assisi. He was a deeply religious and Christain man. The resources below are among the most reputable on the Net, and are provided here for the purpose of making this historic figure known, just as he was to his contemporaries. Pleaes note: the titles of the links found below are topical, and not those of the articles hypterlinked.

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European Voyages of Exploration: Christopher Columbus - English
URL: http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/columbus.html

Prior to 1492 and Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas, Spain's only possession of any consequence outside Europe were the Canary Islands. By the mid-sixteenth century, however, Spain would control much of the Caribbean, large portions of the Americas and parts of Africa. This rapid acquisition of overseas possessions was accompanied and aided by the establishment and consolidation of hegemony in Europe through a series of political marriages.

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Christopher Columbus Website - English
URL: http://www.geocities.com/columbus_website/

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What effects did Christopher Columbus have on the New World?

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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christopher Columbus - English
URL: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04140a.htm

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His family was respectable, but of limited means, so that the early education of Columbus was defective. Up to his arrival in Spain (1485) only one date has been preserved. His son Fernando, quoting from his father's writings says that in February, 1467, he navigated the seas about "Tile" (probably Iceland).

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1492 Exhibit - English
URL: http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/Intro.html

1492. Columbus. The date and the name provoke many questions related to the linking of very different parts of the world, the Western Hemisphere and the Mediterranean. What was life like in those areas before 1492? What spurred European expansion? How did European, African and American peoples react to each other? What were some of the immediate results of these contacts?

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The Great Republic Vol 1 - English
URL: http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Hist

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Two chapter-length excerpts from "The Great Republic".

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The True Story of Christopher Columbus, Called the Great Admiral - English
URL: http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/BroTrue.html

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A book by Elbridge Brooks.

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Columbus' letter to the King and Queen of Spain, 1494 - English
URL: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus2.html

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A translation into English.

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Christopher Columbus: Extracts from Journal - English
URL: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html

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Selected passages.

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