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Thesis Topics: Ready-Made - English
URL: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Apr1995/TTRM.html

SCIENTISTS AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON NINETEENTH- AND EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. THE COLLECTION of monographs, periodicals and manuscripts in the Dartmouth College Library pertaining to Arctic exploration provides a rich source of material for the investigation of several questions in the development of attitudes toward modern science.

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Scott Polar Research Institute » Polar Information Sheets - English
URL: http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/14.html

Ships (icebreakers) which have reached the North Pole.

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PolarFlight Introduction - English
URL: http://members.tripod.com/PolarFlight/index.htm

The Aerial Exploration of the Polar Regions 1897-1939.

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Historical Biographies, Nova Scotia: Pierre Du Gua de Monts (c1558-1628). - English
URL: http://blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1600-00/Monts.htm

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Not much can be said about de Monts' earlier years. He "distinguished himself fighting in the cause of Henri IV during the religious wars in France." (DCB.) He thus had developed good connections at court and was able to secure an exclusive trading licence in respect to North American fur. The fur trade was one in which it was thought money could be made, since, during these times, the European smart set wished to be decked out in furs. These furs, as the returning fishermen could show, were obtainable by trading with the natives of North America.

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Christopher Middleton - English
URL: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/explore/middleto.htm

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Middleton had been sent out in search of a Northwest Passage in order to ease the minds of merchants who accused the Hudson's Bay Company of trying to avoid the discovery of a passage which might lead to the loss of their exclusive rights in the North.

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Donald Baxter MacMillan - English
URL: http://academic.bowdoin.edu/arcticmuseum/biographies/html/macmillan.shtml

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Donald Baxter MacMillan, explorer, sailor, teacher, philanthropist, researcher, and lecturer, made over 30 expeditions to the Arctic in his 46-year career. He traveled over 300,000 miles charting new territory, training students, performing scientific research and studying and aiding the native people of Labrador and Greenland.

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Donald Mac Millan - English
URL: http://www.ekkane.org/Biographies/BioMac%20Millan.htm

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In these words, written just after the turn of the century, Donald Baxter Mac Millan expressed an ambition that he largely achieved in 30 expeditions to the Far North between 1908 and 1954. He was 34 years old on his first trip and a few days short of 80 when he completed his final journey.

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Charles Francis Hall - English
URL: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/explore/hall.htm

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The excellent chart which Hall prepared on his first voyage was so exact that it was not until the application of aerial photography that it was improved upon.

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Explorers Voyage Toward North Pole - English
URL: http://www.oldnewspublishing.com/story1.htm

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In the summer of 1871, George Tyson joined an expedition outfitted by the U.S. Navy to attempt to reach the North Pole. Tyson was a 41-year old New England whaling captain, and had sailed the Arctic seas for twenty years before teaming up with the expedition as assistant navigator.

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Hakluyt Society: voyages of discovery, maritime exploration, history of navigation, navigators' journals - English
URL: http://www.hakluyt.com/

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Membership of the Society is strongly recommended to everyone interested in the history of exploration and travel, geographical discovery and world wide cultural encounter. For an annual subscription of only £35 ($70), a member receives all volumes issued by the Society (other than those of the Extra Series) during the period of membership. Currently, two or three volumes are published each year. These books are excellent value. The extremely interesting and historically significant texts and translations, often appearing in print for the first time, are fully annotated and well-illustrated.

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Meeting of Frontiers: Gallery -- Bering, Chirikov, and Gvozdev - English, Russian
URL: http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfak/igber.html

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Although Danish by birth, Vitus Jonassen Bering (1681-1741) spent most of his adult life in the Russian navy. In 1725, shortly before his death, Peter the Great instructed Bering to prove definitely that Siberia was separated from North America and to find the nearest European settlement in the New World. During the First Kamchatka Expedition (1725-30), Bering and his assistant lieutenant, Aleksei Chirikov (1703-48), sailed north along the coast of Kamchatka, and in August 1728 passed between the two continents.

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Adolphus Washington Greely, Major General, United States Army - English
URL: http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/awgreely.htm

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Born on March 27, 1844 in Newburysport, Massachusetts, he enlisted in the 19th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and served throughout the Civil War, seeing action in several major battles, sustaining serious wounds on three occasions and rising in rank from private to Brevet Major of Volunteers.

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A ship's gallant attempt to solve the 'Northern mystery' - English
URL: http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues97/mar97/ship.html

George Washington De Long (USA, 1844-1881)

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John Davis - English
URL: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/explore/davis.htm

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Davis sighted land somewhere along the east Gronland coast on his first voyage and rounded Cape Farewell, which he thought was Frobisher's "Queen Elizabeth's Forelande". He stopped at Gilbert Sound (the present Godthaab Fiord) before reaching the east coast of Baffin Island, near Exeter Sound. He then went around the Cape of God's Mercy (the present Cape Mercy) and followed the north shore of Cumberland Sound, while exploring some of the islands at its head.

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Discoverers Web: Willoughby & Chancellor - English
URL: http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/wilchan.html

The first expedition of the Company of Merchant Adventurers was led by Sir Hugh Willoughby. He had no prior nautical or navigational experience, but seems to have been chosen for his leadership qualities. Richard Chancellor would function as the pilot-general of the small fleet (three ships, the Bona Esparanza under Willoughby, the Edward Bonaventure under Chancellor and the Bona Confidentia). The ships left London on 10 May 1553, but off the Lofotan Islands the ships were caught in a storm, and Chancellor's ship was separated from the other two.

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Thomas Button - English
URL: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/arctic/explore/button.htm

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the purpose of Button's voyage was to confirm the existence or non-existence of a Northwest Passage unfortunately, he found his course blocked by the western shore of Hudson Bay and gave his landfall the name "Hopes Checked"

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The Arctic Voyages of Olivier Brunel - English
URL: http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/brunel.html

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Brunel was born at Louvain (or possibly Brussels) in about 1540. As one of the earliest Flemish navigators in the Arctic Ocean, he first sailed beyond Lapland in 1564 or 1565 in search of a northeast route to China, possibly in association with the company of Philips Winterkoning, who was already by that time established on the northern coasts. After placing a trading post at the mouth of the Dvina River, Brunel was taken prisoner at Kholmogory by the Russian government, having been denounced by agents of the English Muscovy company as a spy.

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Joseph-Elzear Bernier, Arctic Mariner - ExploreNorth - English
URL: http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekly/aa102000a.htm

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Between 1904 and 1911, Captain Joseph Bernier did more than any other person to solidify Canada's claim to the Arctic Islands. Going beyond just his presence as a government agent, he unveiled a plaque on Melville Island in 1909 that made that statement in bronze.

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Joseph Elzéar Bernier 1852-1934 - English
URL: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume5/326-327.htm

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Canada’s vast Arctic wilderness has always been perceived as just beyond the last line of civilization and cultivation, a permanent frontier. The immensity of the land inhibited thoughts of occupation or proprietorship, and it took men such as Joseph Elzéar Bernier to determine its extent and its boundaries and, most importantly, to establish its sovereignty. Whereas eighteenth and nineteenth century wayfarers had struggled to find passages west, master mariner Bernier explored and mapped the Arctic as an end in itself. In 1909 he unveiled a plaque on Melville Island that proclaimed, to the world, the Arctic Islands of Canada.

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Discoverers Web: Alexei Ilich Chirikov (1703-1748) - English
URL: http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/chirikov.html

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Russian naval captain, associated with the Great Northern Expeditions of Vitus Bering), which from 1733 surveyed much of Russia and Siberia. He had previously sailed with Bering in the ship St. Gabriel, which in 1728 had reached the Bering Strait.

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