Sites

Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions - English
URL: http://www.oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/ARI/ARI.html

Lexicon (Old Persian, Elamite, Akkadian); Text and Lexical Search; Plans and Photographs; Bibliography; Related Sites.

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Chronology of Iran - English
URL: http://www.iranairiatravel.com/travel/crnlgy.htm

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Persia: The Achaemenids - English
URL: http://www.slider.com/enc/41000/Persia_The_Achaemenids.htm

The Upper Permian. Cyrus the Great. Darius I and His Immediate Successors. Decay of the Empire.

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Persia -> The Achaemenids on Encyclopedia.com 2002 - English
URL: http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Persia_TheAchaemenids.asp

By the 6th cent. BC the early Persians were established in the present-day region of Fars and were benefiting from the decline of Elam . Fars (or Persis to the Greeks) was a recognizable district of the Assyrian Empire (see Assyria ) like the neighboring but greater Media . The Persian rulers, claiming descent from one Achaemenes, or Hakhamanesh (see Achaemenids , were associated with the Medes, who created a strong state in the 7th cent.

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Achaemenian rule of Pakistan - English
URL: http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/persian.html

The next chapter of Pakistan's history unravels itself with the attack of Persians under Darius (522 B.C.486 B.C.) who made this region a province of Achaemenian Empire (or may be earlier under his grand-father Cyrus). Darius affirms this in his inscriptions at Persepolis and Naksh-e-Rustam mentioning Hapta Hindva (seven rivers) as a province of his Empire.

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1Up Info - Persia : The Achaemenids : Decay of the Empire (Ancient History, Middle East) - English
URL: http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/P/Persia-the-achaemenids-decay-of-the-empire

In the time of Artaxerxes the difficulties of maintaining so wide an empire had begun to appear. Some of the satraps showed ambitions to rule, and the Egyptians, helped by the Athenians, undertook a long rebellion. Violence against the great king himself was a disturbing factor. Xerxes I had been murdered, and Xerxes II, son of Artaxerxes, was killed after a reign of 45 days by a half brother, who was in turn overthrown by another half brother, Darius II.

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Persia: The Achaemenids - English
URL: http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0860310.html

By the 6th cent. B.C. the early Persians were established in the present-day region of Fars and were benefiting from the decline of Elam. Fars (or Persis to the Greeks) was a recognizable district of the Assyrian Empire like the neighboring but greater Media. The Persian rulers, claiming descent from one Achaemenes, or Hakhamanesh were associated with the Medes, who created a strong state in the 7th cent.

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The Achaemenid Empire - English
URL: http://www.iranologie.com/history/history4.html

Persians were one of the three west Iranian tribes that inhabited much of the present day Iran (see chapter II). The homeland of Persians corresponded approximately with the modern provinces of Fars and Khuzestan, on the south and south western edges of the Iranian plateau.

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History of Iran: Achaemenid Empire - English
URL: http://www.iranchamber.com/history/achaemenids/achaemenids.php

B y 546 BCE, Cyrus had defeated Croesus, the Lydian king of fabled wealth, and had secured control of the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Greek colonies along the Levant. Moving east, he took Parthia (land of the Arsacids, not to be confused with Parsa, which was to the southwest), Chorasmis, and Bactria. He besieged and captured Babylon in 539 and released the Jews who had been held captive there, thus earning his immortalization in the Book of Isaiah.

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The Achaemenians - English
URL: http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/achaemenians.html

The Achaemenid or Persian empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, who became king of Persis in 559 BCE and defeated his overlord Astyages of Media in 550. The size of the Median empire is not exactly known, but it seems to have included Cappadocia and Armenia in the west and Parthia, Aria and Hyrcania in the east. Cyrus added Lydia (547), Bactria and Sogdiana, campaigned in India, and captured Babylon in 539.

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Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions: Home Page - English
URL: http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/ARI/ARI.html

Introduction, Browse Lexicon, Text.

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Persian language - English
URL: http://i-cias.com/e.o/persian_l.htm

Old Persian was contemporary to Avestan, another Old Iranian language. Old Persian is preserved through cuneiform tablets found in the remains after the Achaemenid dynasty (550- 330 BCE). The oldest traces of Old Persian date to the 6th century BCE, but it was spoken until the 3rd century BCE.

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Old Persian Language - English
URL: http://www.perlit.sailorsite.net/oldper.html

This page is about the Old Persian language and Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions

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Parthia (1) - English
URL: http://www.livius.org/pan-paz/parthia/parthia01.html

Parthia (Old Persian Parthava): satrapy of the ancient Achaemenid empire, the north-east of modern Iran. The borders of Parthia were the Kopet Dag mountain range in the north (today the border between Iran and Turkmenistan) and the Dasht-e-Kavir desert in the south. In the west was Media, in the northwest Hyrcania, in the northeast Margiana, in the southeast Aria. (The road from Media through Parthia to Margiana is the famous Silk road.)

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Iran's history in brief - English
URL: http://www.salamiran.org/IranInfo/General/History/

The written history of Iran begins with the early Achaemenids, some 2,500 years ago, but since then till the dawn of Islam in Iran, all that is available on the Iranian history has been written by the ancient Greeks, who were then Iran's greatest enemies. So, the pre-Islamic historical sources are not completely reliable although there are indications that Greek historians often faithfully recorded the facts.

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Brief History of Iran - English
URL: http://www.iranvision.com/briefhistory.html

The written history of Iran begins with the early Achaemenids, some 2,500 years ago, but since then till the dawn of Islam in Iran, all that is available on the Iranian history has been written by the ancient Greeks, who were then Iran's greatest enemies. So, the pre-Islamic historical sources are not completely reliable although there are indications that Greek historians often faithfully recorded the facts.

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Iran History - English
URL: http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/myers/pupils/pooyan/irahisto.html

Iran was settled some 3500 to 4000 years ago by Aryan people who migrated from the region around the Aral Sea. During the first 1000 years of Iranian history, several kingdoms rose and fell. In the 6th century B.C., King Cyrus the Great, of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, defeated the rival Medes in northern Iran and united the Iranian people.

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