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The Arctic Voyages of Olivier Brunel - English
URL: http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/brunel.html

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Brunel was born at Louvain (or possibly Brussels) in about 1540. As one of the earliest Flemish navigators in the Arctic Ocean, he first sailed beyond Lapland in 1564 or 1565 in search of a northeast route to China, possibly in association with the company of Philips Winterkoning, who was already by that time established on the northern coasts. After placing a trading post at the mouth of the Dvina River, Brunel was taken prisoner at Kholmogory by the Russian government, having been denounced by agents of the English Muscovy company as a spy.

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VIKING EXPLORERS - English
URL: http://www.mariner.org/age/vikingexp.html

The Viking period in history stretches for about three to four hundred years from 790 A.D. to 1100 A.D. During this period, Viking warriors raided nearby lands, explored uncharted seas, and searched for and found trade routes throughout Britain, Ireland, Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. The first recorded raids occurred in 793 A.D. when warriors raided a small island on the northeast coast of Britain and attacked the monastery on Linisfarne.

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Ohthere - English
URL: http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0836460.html

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fl. 880, Norse explorer. His account of his voyage around the North Cape, along Lapland, and into the White Sea was incorporated by Alfred the Great in the introduction to his Anglo-Saxon translation of Orosius' universal history and was requoted by Hakluyt in his Principal Navigations. Another voyage of Ohthere southward along the Norwegian coast and to Denmark furnished additional information on the geography of N Europe.

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1Up Info - Chancellor, Richard (Explorers, Travelers, And Conquerors) - Encyclopedia - English
URL: http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/C/ChancellR.html

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d. 1556, English navigator. When, largely under the inspiration of Sebastian Cabot, a group of men in England undertook to finance a search for the Northeast Passage to Asia, Chancellor was chosen as second in command under Sir Hugh Willoughby. They sailed in 1553, and Chancellor and Stephen Borough, in the Edward Bonaventure, managed to get through dangerous arctic waters to the White Sea. Chancellor then traveled overland across Russia to Moscow at the invitation of Ivan IV. His negotiations prepared the way for trade with Russia and the formation of the Muscovy Company.

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