Sitios

Àðíîëüä Òîéíáè îá èñòîðèè - Russian
URL: http://www.krotov.org/libr_min/t/toynbee/Toynbee000.html

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ÏÎÑÒÈÆÅÍÈÅ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ. Ìîñêâà: Ïðîãðåññ, 1990.

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À.Òîéíáè "Ïîñòèæåíèå èñòîðèè" - Russian
URL: http://kulichki.rambler.ru/~gumilev/Toynbee/

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Îíëàéíîâûé òåêñò.

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À. Äæ. Òîéíáè - Russian
URL: http://www.tuad.nsk.ru/~history/Author/Engl/T/Toynbee/index.html

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Åñëè áû Àëåêñàíäð íå óìåð òîãäà... Åñëè áû Ôèëèïï è Àðòàêñåðêñ óöåëåëè... Ïîñòèæåíèå èñòîðèè.

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Òîéíáè Àðíîëüä (Arnold Toynbee) - Ïåðñîíàëèè - Russian
URL: http://www.countries.ru/library/culturologists/toinbi.htm

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Òîéíáè Àðíîëüä (1889— 1975), àíãëèéñêèé èñòîðèê è êóëüòóðîëîã. Ñîçäàë òåîðèþ èñòîðè÷åñêîãî êðóãîâîðîòà êóëüòóðû. Ïðåäñòàâëÿë âñåìèðíóþ èñòîðèþ êàê ñîâîêóïíîñòü îòäåëüíûõ çàìêíóòûõ è ñâîåîáðàçíûõ öèâèëèçàöèé, êîëè÷åñòâî êîòîðûõ âàðüèðîâàëîñü îò 14 äî 21. Êàæäàÿ öèâèëèçàöèÿ, ïîäîáíî îðãàíèçìó, ïðîõîäèò ñòàäèè çàðîæäåíèÿ, ðîñòà, êðèçèñà (íàäëîìà, ðàçëîæåíèÿ).

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Toynbee, Arnold Joseph [1852 - 1883] - English
URL: http://www.pscw.uva.nl/sociosite/TOPICS/Sociologists.html#TOYNBEE

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ÀÐÍÎËÜÄ ÒÎÉÍÁÈ - Russian
URL: http://www.krotov.org/spravki/persons/20person/1889toyn.html

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Èç "Áèáëèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñëîâàðÿ" ñâÿùåííèêà Àëåêñàíäðà Ìåíÿ.

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Arnold Toynbee - English
URL: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EDtoynbee.htm

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Toynbee investigated the science of economics where he attempted to develop a system that would improve the condition of the working class. Toynbee came to the conclusion that individuals had a duty to devote themselves to the service of humanity.

[ eng ]

Toynbee, Arnold. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 - English
URL: http://www.bartleby.com/65/to/ToynbeeA.html

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1852–83, English economic historian, philosopher, and reformer. After his graduation in 1878 he was a tutor at Balliol College, Oxford, and was active in reform work outside the university, particularly among the London poor. His influence on his students and contemporaries was great, although he lived to be only 31. Toynbee was interested in applying historical method to the study of economics. He objected to Marxism, believing that the best interests of labor and capital lay in cooperation.

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Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, an Encarta Encyclopedia Article - English
URL: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=0437A000

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Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975), British historian, known for his view of the past as a succession of civilizations rather than political entities.

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Encyclopedia.com - Toynbee, Arnold Joseph - English
URL: http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/13000.html

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1889-1975, English historian. In his major work, A Study of History (12 vol., 1934-61), he propounded the problems of history in terms of great cultural groups and civilizations rather than of nationalities. The main thesis of the work is that the well-being of a civilization depends on its ability to respond successfully to challenges, human and environmental. Of 26 civilizations in history, he saw only Western Latin Christendom as still alive.

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About.com: toynbee.htm
URL: http://archaeology.about.com/science/archaeology/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=htt

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Toynbee Arnold J 1889-1975. Brittisk historiker, professor i grekisk historia vid University of London.

[ eng ]

Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) : Library of Congress Citations - English
URL: http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/cit/citlctoyn.htm

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