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Toynbee, Arnold J. | |
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А.Тойнби "Постижение истории"
Онлайновый текст. [rus] |
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Тойнби Арнольд (Arnold Toynbee) - Персоналии
Тойнби Арнольд (1889— 1975), английский историк и культуролог. Создал теорию исторического круговорота культуры. Представлял всемирную историю как совокупность отдельных замкнутых и своеобразных цивилизаций, количество которых варьировалось от 14 до 21. Каждая цивилизация, подобно организму, проходит стадии зарождения, роста, кризиса (надлома, разложения). [rus] |
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Арнольд Тойнби об истории
ПОСТИЖЕНИЕ ИСТОРИИ. Москва: Прогресс, 1990. [rus] |
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А. Дж. Тойнби
Если бы Александр не умер тогда... Если бы Филипп и Артаксеркс уцелели... Постижение истории. [rus] |
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Arnold Toynbee
Toynbee investigated the science of economics where he attempted to develop a system that would improve the condition of the working class. Toynbee came to the conclusion that individuals had a duty to devote themselves to the service of humanity. [eng] |
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Encyclopedia.com - Toynbee, Arnold Joseph
1889-1975, English historian. In his major work, A Study of History (12 vol., 1934-61), he propounded the problems of history in terms of great cultural groups and civilizations rather than of nationalities. The main thesis of the work is that the well-being of a civilization depends on its ability to respond successfully to challenges, human and environmental. Of 26 civilizations in history, he saw only Western Latin Christendom as still alive. [eng] |
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АРНОЛЬД ТОЙНБИ
Из "Библиологического словаря" священника Александра Меня. [rus] |
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Toynbee, Arnold. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000
1852–83, English economic historian, philosopher, and reformer. After his graduation in 1878 he was a tutor at Balliol College, Oxford, and was active in reform work outside the university, particularly among the London poor. His influence on his students and contemporaries was great, although he lived to be only 31. Toynbee was interested in applying historical method to the study of economics. He objected to Marxism, believing that the best interests of labor and capital lay in cooperation. [eng] |
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About.com: toynbee.htm
Toynbee Arnold J 1889-1975. Brittisk historiker, professor i grekisk historia vid University of London. [eng] |
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Toynbee, Arnold Joseph [1852 - 1883]
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Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) : Library of Congress Citations
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Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, an Encarta Encyclopedia Article
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975), British historian, known for his view of the past as a succession of civilizations rather than political entities. [eng] |
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